Unit+12-Cell+Signaling+(Nervous+System+&+Hormones)

Unit 12 (Target II) Explain how a chemical signal originates from a neuron, crosses a synapse, and becomes an action potential along the next neuron. Include the following terms: **synaptic terminals, synapse, [Ca2+], dendrites, vesicles, exocytosis, “All or nothing”, neurotransmitter, synapse, threshold, stimulus, impulse transmission, action potential, resting potential, depolarization, sodium-potassium pumps, [K+], [Na+], gated ion (voltage-gated, ligand-gated) channels, mV unites, refractory period**. []

Unit 12 (Target III) Distinguish between and provide an example of an **EPSP** and **IPSP** and relate them to the concepts of **spatial** and **temporal** **summation**. []

Unit 12 (Target IV) Describe how the reflex arc maintains homeostasis. Include the following: **sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, spinal cord, brain, effector, receptors, reflex response**. []

Unit 12 (Target V) Describe how the nervous system components work together to maintain homeostasis. Define the functions of the CNS and PNS (include the following: **brain, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons**). []

Unit 12 (Target VI) Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems are linked in vertebrates. Use the terms **hypothalamus, neurosecretory cells, nerve impulses, hormones, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary**. []

Unit 12 (Target VII) Distinguish between the mechanisms employed by protein hormones (use the terms: **water-soluble, plasma membrane, signal receptor, second messenger, enzyme cascade, signal transduction, nucleus cytoplasmic response OR gene regulation/cytoplasmic response, “short distance”**) and lipid hormones (use the terms: **lipid-soluble, steroid, plasma membrane, signal receptor, nucleus, gene regulation/cytoplasmic response, “long distance”**) to cause changes in a target cell. [] (VII-X) Describe the **antagonistic relationship** between the hormones **glucagon and insulin**. Explain where they are produced, where they are stored, the target organs, and the mechanism for how the hormones interact with target cells. Be sure to include how **negative feedback** is involved and the relationship of these hormones to **homeostasis** in the blood. Describe the **antagonistic relationship** between the hormones **PTH and calcitonin**. Explain where they are produced, where they are stored, the target organs, and the mechanism for how the hormones interact with target cells. Be sure to include how **negative feedback** is involved and the relationship of these hormones to **homeostasis** in the blood**.** Describe the **positive feedback** hormonal relationship at work in breast feeding and child birth. Include discussion of **oxytocin, estradiol, prostaglandins**.

[] (VII-VIII) []

Unit 12 (Targets VIII-X) []

created by Daniel Majeed